Yellow is the color Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects, materials, evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M (long and medium wavelength) cone cells Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that function best in relatively bright light. The cone cells gradually become sparser towards the periphery of the retina of the retina The vertebrate retina is a light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. The optics of the eye create an image of the visual world on the retina, which serves much the same function as the film in a camera. Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses. These about equally, with no significant stimulation of the S (short-wavelength) cone cells.^[2] Light with a wavelength of 570–580 nm A nanometre (Greek: νάνος, nanos, "dwarf"; μέτρον, metrοn, "unit of measurement") is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre is yellow, as is light with a suitable mixture of red and green. Yellow's traditional RYB complementary color Complementary colors are pairs of colors that are of “opposite” hue in some color model. The exact hue “complementary” to a given hue depends on the model in question, and perceptually uniform, additive, and subtractive color models, for example, have differing complements for any given color is purple Purple is a general term used in English for the range of shades of color occurring between red and blue. In additive light combinations it occurs by mixing the primary colors red and blue in varying proportions. In subtractive pigments it can be equal to the primary color magenta or be formed by mixing magenta with the colors red or blue, or by, violet As the name of a color, violet is used in two senses: first, referring to the color of light at the short-wavelength end of the visible spectrum, approximately 380–420 nm when indigo is recognized as a distinct color, or more commonly 380–450 nm (this is a spectral color). Second, violet may refer to a shade of purple, that is, a mixture of, or indigo Indigo is the color on the electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet. Although traditionally considered one of seven divisions of the optical spectrum, modern color scientists do not usually recognize indigo as a separate division and generally classify wavelengths shorter than about 450, while its colorimetrically defined complementary color in both RGB The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red, green, and blue and CMYK The CMYK color model is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four inks used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key black. Though it varies by print house, press operator, press manufacturer and press run, ink is typically applied in the order color spaces is blue Blue is a colour, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 440–490 nm. It is considered one of the additive primary colours. On the HSV Colour Wheel, the complement of blue is yellow; that is, a colour corresponding to an equal mixture of red and green light. On a colour wheel.

Contents 1 Etymology and definitions 2 In science 2.1 Colorimetry 2.2 Astronomy 2.3 Biology 2.3.1 Pigments 2.3.2 Birds 2.3.3 Fish 2.3.4 Insects 2.3.5 Trees 2.3.6 Other plants 2.4 Electric yellow vs. process yellow 2.5 Lasers 2.6 Minerals and chemistry 2.6.1 Pigments 3 In culture 3.1 Cultural associations 3.2 History 3.3 Journalism 3.4 Music 3.5 Politics 3.6 Religion and metaphysics 3.7 Sports 3.8 Transportation 3.9 Food and drinks 3.10 Vexillology 4 See also 5 References

Etymology and definitions

The word yellow comes from the Old English Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon geolu, or geolwe which derived from the Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic , or Common Germanic, as it is sometimes known, is the unattested, reconstructed common ancestor (proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English, Frisian, Dutch, Afrikaans, German, Luxembourgish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, and Swedish word gelwaz.^[3] The oldest known use of this word in English is in the Old English poem Beowulf Beowulf is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature. It survives in a single manuscript known as the Nowell Codex. Its composition by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet is dated between the 8th and, in a description of a shield made of wood from a yew tree Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia. It is the tree originally known as yew, though with other related trees becoming known, it may be now known as the common yew, or European yew.^[4]

In the English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of, yellow has traditionally been associated with jaundice Jaundice, is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae (whites of the eyes), and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in the blood). This hyperbilirubinemia subsequently causes increased levels of bilirubin in the extracellular fluids. Typically, the and cowardice Cowardice, in general terms, is the perceived failure to demonstrate sufficient robustness in the face of a challenging situation. The term describes a personality trait which is viewed as a negative characteristic and has been frowned upon within most, if not all global cultures, while courage, typically viewed as its direct opposite, is.^[5] Yellow is associated with the word "caution" and is the second light on stop lights; in American slang American English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States, a coward can be said to be "yellowbellied" or "yellow".^[6] The color is associated with aging as well, for both people and objects (e.g. "yellowed" paper). Ethnographically, the term "yellow" has been used as a slang term for both Asians ("yellow peril Yellow Peril was a color metaphor for race that originated in the late nineteenth century with immigration of Chinese laborers to various Western countries, notably the United States, and later associated with the Japanese during the mid 20th century, due to Japanese military expansion. The term refers to the skin color of East Asians, and the") and, in the early 20th century, light-skinned African-Americans (High yellow).

"Yellow" ("giallo Giallo is an Italian 20th century genre of literature and film, which in Italian indicates crime fiction and mystery. In the English language it refers to a genre similar to the French fantastique genre and includes elements of horror fiction and eroticism. The word giallo is Italian for "yellow" and stems from the origin of the genre as"), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began in about 1930, when the first series of crime novels published in Italy had yellow covers. The term "yellow movie" (黃色電影) can refer to films of pornographic nature in Chinese culture The Culture of China is one of the world's oldest and most complex cultures. The area in which the culture is dominant covers a large geographical region in eastern Asia with customs and traditions varying greatly between towns, cities and provinces, and is analogous to the English "blue movie".^[7] Lastly, it is associated with sensational journalistic practices, or yellow journalism Yellow journalism or the yellow press is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines and sensationalised stories to sell more newspapers. It sometimes also deceives the audience it is intended for. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering,, and resistance to militant trade unions.^[4]

In science

Colorimetry

Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480 nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the "Planckian locus".

Hunt defines that "two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli."^[8] That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are complementary. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white White is a color, the perception which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in nearly equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists Grassmann and Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science. In physiology and psychology, he is known for his mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color vision research, and on the sensation of tone, did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo Indigo is the color on the electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet. Although traditionally considered one of seven divisions of the optical spectrum, modern color scientists do not usually recognize indigo as a separate division and generally classify wavelengths shorter than about 450, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call violet As the name of a color, violet is used in two senses: first, referring to the color of light at the short-wavelength end of the visible spectrum, approximately 380–420 nm when indigo is recognized as a distinct color, or more commonly 380–450 nm (this is a spectral color). Second, violet may refer to a shade of purple, that is, a mixture of. Helmholtz says "Yellow and indigo blue" are complements.^[9] Grassman reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says "This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie."^[10] Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450 nm, are derivable from the modern CIE 1931 system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580 nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 K The kelvin is a unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale referenced to absolute zero, the absence of all thermal energy. So by definition, the temperature of a substance at absolute zero is zero kelvin (0 K). The secondary reference point on the Kelvin or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.

Astronomy

Stars A star is a massive, luminous ball of plasma held together by gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on Earth. Other stars are visible in the night sky, when they are not outshone by the Sun. Historically, the most prominent stars on the celestial sphere were grouped together into constellations of spectral classes F and G, such as our sun The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It has a diameter of about 1,392,000 kilometers , about 109 times that of Earth, and its mass (about 2 × 1030 kilograms, 330,000 times that of Earth) accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. About three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen, while the rest is Sol, have color temperatures Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics, and other fields. The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that light source. The that make them look "yellowish".^[11] The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color was F. G. W. Struve in 1827. One of his classifications was flavae, or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0.^[12] The Strömgren photometric system for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550 nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30 nm.^[13][14]

Biology

Pigments

• Carotenoids Carotenoids are organic pigments that are naturally occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some types of fungus some bacteria and at least one species of aphid. Carotenoids are generally not manufactured by species in the animal kingdom, although one species of aphid is known to are organic pigments A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which a material emits light which give many biological objects, including egg yolks An egg yolk is a part of an egg which feeds the developing embryo. The egg yolk is suspended in the egg white by one or two spiral bands of tissue called the chalazae. Prior to fertilization, the yolk together with the germinal disc is a single cell; one of the few single cells that can be seen by the naked eye, autumn Autumn is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter, usually in March (Southern Hemisphere) or September (Northern Hemisphere) when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier leaves In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin. As an evolutionary trait, the flatness of leaves works to expose the chloroplasts to more light and to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide at the expense of water loss. In the Devonian period, when carbon and yellow flowers A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds. The process begins with pollination, is followed by fertilization, leading to the formation and dispersal of the seeds. For, their color.
• Yellow pan traps are used to capture insects, many of which are attracted to shades of yellow.^[15][16]

Birds

Yellow-breasted Chat

• Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens) are large foraging Foraging theory is a branch of behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment in which the animal lives. Foraging theory considers the foraging behavior of animals in reference to the payoff that an animal obtains from different foraging options. Foraging theory predicts that the foraging options songbird A songbird is a bird belonging to the suborder Passeri of the perching birds . Another name that is sometimes seen as scientific or vernacular name is Oscines. This group contains some 4000 species, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song found in southern parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Central America. They are olive with a white bellie and a yellow throat and breast, with a long tail, a thick heavy bill, a large white eye ring, and dark legs.

Yellowhammer

• The Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) is a passerine A passerine is a bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders: with over 5,000 identified species, it is roughly twice as diverse as the largest of the mammal orders, in the bunting family Emberizidae. It breeds across Europe and much of Asia. Most yellowhammers are resident, but some far northern birds migrate south in winter. It is common in all sorts of open areas with some scrub or trees. They are large with a thick seed-eater's bill. The males have a bright yellow head, yellow underparts, and a heavily streaked brown back. Females are much duller and more streaked below.
• The Yellow-shafted Flicker (Colaptes auratus) is a large woodpecker The woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks are a family, Picidae, of near-passerine birds. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia and New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats, although a few species are known to live in treeless areas such as rocky hillsides and species of eastern North America. They have yellow shafts on their wing and tail feathers.

Fish

• Yellowtail is the common name for dozens of different fish A fish is any aquatic vertebrate animal that is covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. Most fish are "cold-blooded", or ectothermic, allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
• Yellowfin tuna The yellowfin tuna is a species of tuna found in pelagic waters of tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide (Thunnus albacares) is a species of tuna, having bright yellow anal and second dorsal fins A dorsal fin is a polyphyletic fin located on the backs of some fish, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the ichthyosaurs. Depending on the species, an animal can have up to three of them. The bones that support the dorsal fin are called Pterygiophore. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to 200 kg (440 lb), it is caught as a replacement for the depleted stocks of bluefin tuna Thunnus is a genus of ocean-dwelling fish in the family Scombridae, all of which are tuna, although other tuna species are found in other genera. The name of the genus is the Latinized form of the Greek θύννος, thýnnos, tuna, the word being first mentioned in Homer.

Insects

• A yellow-fever mosquito Aedes is a genus of mosquito originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but has spread by human activity to all continents excluding Antarctica. Several of the species transmit important human diseases and one species, Aedes albopictus, is the most invasive mosquito in the world. The name comes from the Greek aēdēs, meaning " is a mosquito in the Aedes Aedes is a genus of mosquito originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but has spread by human activity to all continents excluding Antarctica. Several of the species transmit important human diseases and one species, Aedes albopictus, is the most invasive mosquito in the world. The name comes from the Greek aēdēs, meaning " genus In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank (a taxon) used in the classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia. The term comes from Latin genus "descent, family, type, gender", cognate with Greek: γένος – genos, "race, stock, kin", so named because they transmit dengue fever Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases which occur in the tropics, can be life-threatening, and are caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It is also known as breakbone fever. It occurs widely in the tropics, including northern Argentina, northern Australia, and yellow fever Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family, the mosquito-born viruses.

• Yellowjackets are black-and-yellow wasps of the genus Vespula or Dolichovespula (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a bee), and entirely black antennae.

Trees

• The yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) is a birch species native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. They are medium-sized deciduous trees and can reaching about 20 m tall, trunks up to 80 cm in diameter. The bark is smooth and yellow-bronze^[17] and the wood is extensively used for flooring, cabinetry, and toothpicks.
• The Thorny Yellowwood is an Australian rainforest tree which has deep yellow wood.
• Yellow poplar is a common name for Liriodendron, the tuliptree. The common name is inaccurate as this genus is not related to poplars.

Other plants

Rapeseed field in Germany

• Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as rape or oilseed rape, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family).
• Goldenrod is a yellow flowering plant in the Family Asteraceae

Electric yellow vs. process yellow

Yellow
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#FFFF00
sRGBB	(r, g, b)	(255, 255, 0)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(60°, 100%, 100%)
Source		HTML/CSS[18]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color box at right shows the most intense yellow representable in 8-bit RGB color model; yellow is a secondary color in an additive RGB space.

The measured light spectrum from yellow pixels on a typical computer display is complex, and very unlike the reflectance spectrum of a yellow object such as a banana.^[19]

Process yellow (subtractive primary, sRGB approximation)
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#FFEF00
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(255, 239, 0)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(56°, 100%, 100%)
Source		[1] CMYK
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Process yellow (also known as pigment yellow, printer's yellow or canary yellow) is one of the three colors typically used as subtractive primary colors, along with magenta and cyan. The CMYK system for color printing is based on using four inks, one of which is a yellow color. This is in itself a standard color, and a fairly narrow range of yellow inks or pigments are used. Process yellow is based on a colorant that reflects the preponderance of red and green light, and absorbs most blue light, as in the reflectance spectra shown in the figure on the lower right.

Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different color wheels, painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet.

Process yellow is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.

The first recorded use of canary yellow as a color name in English was in 1789.^[20]

Lasers

Lasers emitting in the yellow part of the spectrum are much less common than most other colors.^[21] They are also much more expensive than comparable lasers because the difference in energy levels between the metastable and the ground state required for laser action is difficult to create for yellow photons. In commercial products diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (wavelengths of 1064 nm and 1342 nm) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams; in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5 nm ("yellow").^[22] This not a true yellow, as it exceeds 580 nm. A truly yellow laser has yet to be made.

Minerals and chemistry

This section requires expansion.

• Yellowcake (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated uranium oxide, obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for nuclear reactors and in uranium enrichment, one of the essential steps for creating nuclear weapons.

Structure of Titan Yellow

• Titan yellow (also known as clayton yellow),^[23] chemical formula C₂₈H₁₉Na₂O₆S₄ has been used to determine magnesium in serum and urine, but the method is prone to interference, making the ammonium phosphate method superior when analysing blood cells, food or fecal material.^[24]
• Methyl yellow (p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene) is a pH indicator used to determine acidity. It changes from yellow at pH=4.0 to red at pH=2.9.^[25][26]
• Yellow fireworks are produced by adding sodium compounds to the firework mixture. Sodium has a strong emission at 589.3 nm (D-line), a very slightly orange-tinted yellow.
• Amongst the elements, sulfur and gold are most obviously yellow. Phosphorus, arsenic and antimony have allotropes which are yellow or whitish-yellow; Fluorine and chlorine are pale yellowish gases.

Pigments

Reflectance spectra of yellow pigments, as a percentage of white (Abney 1891)

• Yellow ochre (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),^[27] hydrated ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃.H₂O), is a naturally occurring pigment found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.^[28]
• Indian yellow is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.^[29] It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
• Naples Yellow (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral bindheimite and used extensively up to the 20th century.^[30] It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
• Cadmium Yellow (cadmium sulfide, CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.^[31] Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by azo pigments.
• Chrome Yellow (lead chromate, PbCrO₄), derived from the mineral crocoite, was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.^[32]
• Titanium Yellow (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, NiO.Sb₂O₅.20TiO₂) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the LBNL paint code "Y10".^[33]
• Gamboge is an orange-brown resin, derived from trees of the genus Garcinia, which becomes yellow when powdered.^[34] It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century - the name "gamboge" is derived from "Cambodia" - and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.^[35]
• Orpiment, also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is arsenic trisulfide (As₂S₃) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.^[36]

In culture

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Cultural associations

Maya glyph for "yellow"

• The ancient Maya associated the color yellow with the direction South.^[37] The Maya glyph for "yellow" (k'an) also means "precious" or "ripe".^[38]
• The color is traditionally associated with the Malay Rulers of Malaysia.
• The word yellow can be used as an adjective meaning cowardly.

History

• The legendary first emperor of China was known as the Yellow Emperor or Huang Di (Chinese: 黃帝, Simplified Chinese: 黄帝). Members of the imperial family of China at that time were the only ones allowed to display the color yellow in buildings and garments.
• The Yellow Turbans were a Daoist sect that staged an extensive rebellion during the Han Dynasty.

Journalism

The Yellow Kid

• "Yellow journalism" is a term that refers to sensationalist journalism that distorts, exaggerates, or exploits news to maximize profit. The term came from Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal American, who engaged in sensational reporting during the late 19th and early 20th century, most famously during the Spanish-American War. The term was derived from the color comic strip The Yellow Kid, which appeared in both papers.

Music

Yellow Submarine model at Liverpool Airport in November 2007

• The Beatles 1966 album Revolver features the #1 hit, "Yellow Submarine". Subsequently United Artists released an animated film in 1968 called "Yellow Submarine", based on the music of the Beatles.
• The March 1967 album by Donovan called Mellow Yellow was very popular among the hippies. The featured song on the album, "Mellow Yellow", popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed hoax that it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of banana peels, although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by a different musician popular among the hippies, Country Joe McDonald.
• Coldplay achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single "Yellow". It is a song that associates things the singer sees with the color yellow.

Politics

• Yellow is one of two colors used by Santugon sa Tawag ng Panahon which is a Socio-Political Organization in De La Salle University
• Yellow was also the color of the New Party in the Republic of China (Taiwan), which supports Chinese reunification.
• In the United States, a yellow dog Democrat was a Southern voter who consistently voted for Democratic candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the Republicans dating back to the Civil War and Reconstruction period. Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring to a person who would vote for a "yellow dog" before voting for a Republican.
• Yellow is also associated in the United States with the Libertarian Party, to contrast with the Democratic Party (blue) and Republican Party (red).
• In the United Kingdom, The Monster Raving Loony Party (OMRLP) has made use of yellow, along with black, as its primary party colors.
• During the People Power Revolution of 1986, yellow was the dominant theme, the color being associated with former Philippine President Corazon Aquino. It is now a symbol of both support for her as well as in commemoration of the popular revolt.
• In Europe, many liberal parties use yellow in a combination with blue, such as Free Democratic Party (Germany), Liberal Forum (Austria), Estonian Reform Party and Liberal and Centre Union (Lithuania).

Religion and metaphysics

• The Christian holiday of Easter is represented by the colors yellow and lavender because the crocus flower, which is yellow and lavender, blooms in Europe in spring.
• In the metaphysics of the New Age Prophetess, Alice A. Bailey, in her system called the Seven Rays which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical psychological types, the fourth ray of harmony through conflict is represented by the color yellow. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be on the Yellow Ray. "^[39]
• In Hinduism, yellow is used to symbolically represent the third, solar plexus chakra (Manipura).^[40]
• Psychics who claim to be able to observe the aura with their third eye report that someone with a yellow aura is typically someone who is in an occupation requiring intellectual acumen, such as a scientist.^[41]

Sports

The left field yellow foul pole in New York's Yankee Stadium with the right field foul pole in the distance.

• In Association football (soccer), the referee shows a yellow card to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned because they have committed a foul or have wasted time.
• In American Football, a yellow flag is thrown onto the field by a referee to indicate a penalty.
• Originally in Rugby League and then later, also in Rugby Union, the referee shows a yellow card to indicate that a player has been sent to the sin bin.
• In auto racing, a yellow flag signals caution. Cars are not allowed to pass one another under a yellow flag.
• In cycle racing, the yellow jersey - or maillot jaune - is awarded to the leader in a stage race. The tradition was begun in the Tour de France where the sponsoring L'Auto newspaper (later L'Équipe) was printed on distinctive yellow newsprint.

Folland Gnat T.Mk1 during a display at Kemble Air Day, England, in 2008. This aircraft is painted in the yellow color of a former RAF display team - the Yellowjacks.

Transportation

• In some countries, taxicabs are commonly yellow. This practice began in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur John D. Hertz painted his taxis yellow based on a University of Chicago study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.^[42]
• In Canada and the United States, school buses are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as "school bus yellow") for purposes of visibility and safety,^[43] and British bus operators such as FirstGroup plc are attempting to introduce the concept there.^[44]
• "Caterpillar yellow" and "high-visibility yellow" are used for highway construction equipment.^[45]
• In the rules of the road, yellow (called "amber" in Britain) is a traffic light signal warning that the period in which passage is permitted is coming to an end.^[46] It is intermediate between green (go) and red (stop). In railway signaling, yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant signals.^[47]
• Yellow warning signs, especially with black wording, borders, or alternating stripes, are used in many countries around the world to indicate caution, both as road signs and for other uses such as "caution, slippery floor".
• Several light rail and rapid transit lines on various public transportation have a Yellow Line.

Food and drinks

Some foods are yellow. These include bananas, lemons, corn and squash. Lemonade is originally yellow.

Vexillology

• In International maritime signal flags a yellow flag denotes the letter "Q".^[48] It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to be Quarantined.^[48]

See also

Look up yellow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yellow

• List of colors
• Lemon yellow
• Mustard (color)
• CMYK color model
• RYB color model
• Sodium vapor lamp
• Variations of yellow

References

1. ^ The RGB values are taken by converting from the CIECAM02 defined yellow (h = 90°) to sRGB using Argyll CMS, at the lightness (J = 80.3) which affords maximum chroma (C = 69.76) at that hue angle. See here for more on CIECAM02’s definition of yellow.
2. ^ James W. Kalat (2005). Introduction to Psychology. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 105. ISBN 053462460X. http://books.google.com/?id=AHBnar7sEIIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=yellow-light+long+medium+short+cones.
3. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
4. ^ ^{a b} Oxford English Dictionary
5. ^ Hodgson, Charles (2007). Carnal Knowledge. Macmillan. pp. 133. ISBN 0312371217.
6. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company (2004). The American heritage college thesaurus. Oxford University Press. pp. 180. ISBN 0618402195.
7. ^ Hewitt, Duncan (2000-11-28). "Chinese porn trader jailed for life". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1045153.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
8. ^ J. W. G. Hunt (1980). Measuring Color. Ellis Horwood Ltd. ISBN 0-7458-0125-0.
9. ^ Hermann von Helmholtz (1924). Physiological Optics. Dover.
10. ^ Hermann Günter Grassman (1854). "Theory of Compound Colors". Philosophical Magazine 4: 254–264.
11. ^ Ron Miller (2005). Stars and Galaxies. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 22. ISBN 9780761334668. http://books.google.com/?id=QL9uAfad1ggC&pg=PA22&dq=spectral-class+yellow.
12. ^ Murdin, Paul (1984). Colours of the stars. CUP Archive. p. 18. ISBN 052125714X.
13. ^ Strömgren, Bengt. "Main Sequence Stars, Problems of Internal Constitution and Kinematics (George Darwin Lecture)". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 8: 8–37. Bibcode: 1963QJRAS...4....8S. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963QJRAS...4....8S. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
14. ^ Norton, Andrew; Cooper, W. Alan Cooper (2004). Observing the universe: a guide to observational astronomy and planetary science. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0521603935.
15. ^ Kisimoto,Ryoiti (1968) Yellow Pan Water Trap for Sampling the Small Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (FALLEN), a Vector of the Rice Stripe Virus. Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology 3(1):37-48
16. ^ Webb, S. E., M. L. Kok-Yokomi, and D. J. Voegtlin (1994) Effect of Trap Color on Species Composition of Alate Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) Caught over Watermelon Plants Florida Entomologist 77(1):146-153 PDF
17. ^ River Birch Trees | Fall Foliage | White Birches
18. ^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords
19. ^ Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527405038. http://books.google.com/?id=1oDOWr_yueIC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=%22measured+spectrum+of+computer+display+yellow+pixels%22.
20. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 191; Color Sample of Canary Yellow: Page 45 Plate 11 Color Sample L3
21. ^ "Laserglow - Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers". Laserglow.com. http://www.laserglow.com/index.php?portable. Retrieved 2009-03-27. - described as "Very rare yellow laser colour".
22. ^ Johnson, Craig (22 March 2009). "Yellow (593.5nm) DPSS Laser Module". The LED Museum. http://ledmuseum.candlepower.us/yelldpss.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
23. ^ "Titan Yellow". Nile Chemicals. 26 July 2008. http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
24. ^ Heaton, FW (July 1960). "Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods". Journal of Clinical Pathology 13: 358–60. doi:10.1136/jcp.13.4.358. PMID 14400446. PMC 480095. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14400446.
25. ^ "para-Dimethylaminobenzene". IARC - Summaries & Evaluations (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 8: 125. 1975. http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
26. ^ "Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain". GMP ChemTech Private Limited. 2003. http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
27. ^ "Health & Safety in the Arts". City of Tucson. http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
28. ^ "Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre". WebExhibits. http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
29. ^ Harley, Rosamond Drusilla (2001). Artists' Pigments c1600-1835 (2 ed.). London: Archetype Publications. p. 117. ISBN 1-873132-91-3. OCLC 47823825. http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
30. ^ "Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow". WebExhibits. http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
31. ^ "Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow". WebExhibits. http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
32. ^ "Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow". WebExhibits. http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
33. ^ "LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii)". Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. 14 February 2005. http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
34. ^ "gamboge (gum resin)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
35. ^ "Gamboge". Sewanee: The University of the South. 16 July 2002. http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
36. ^ Field, George (1869). Salter, Thomas. ed. Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists. London: Winsor and Newton. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915.
37. ^ Rjabchikov, Sergei V (31 December 2006). "Several Remarks on the Maya Script". The AnthroGlobe Journal. http://www.anthroglobe.info/docs/rjabchikovs_mayascript_061231.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
38. ^ Kettunen, Harri; Helmke, Christophe (5 December 2005). Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (Workshop Handbook 10th European Maya Conference). Leiden: Wayeb & Leiden University. pp. 75. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2688831/Introduction-to-Maya-Hieroglyphs. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
39. ^ Bailey, Alice A. (1995). The Seven Rays of Life. New York: Lucis Publishing Company. ISBN 0853301425.
40. ^ Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. ISBN 1894663497 pg. 24
41. ^ Swami Panchadasi The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 33
42. ^ "History of the Main Taxi Groups". Taxi Register. http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
43. ^ "Frank W. Cyr, 95, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus'". Columbia University Record (Columbia University) 21 (1). September 8, 1995. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss1/record2101.36.html. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
44. ^ "Review backs yellow school buses". BBC. 12 September 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610933.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
45. ^ Caterpillar Global Mining (Caterpillar): 4. Maximizing Mining Safety. http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1042221/7/final.pdf.
46. ^ Robert Dinwiddle, ed (August 2001). Science Year by Year. Popular Science. Scholastic Corporation. pp. 45. ISBN 0-493-28438-4.
47. ^ Bej, Mark (April 16, 1994). "Learning the ["typical" US] Aspects". http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
48. ^ ^{a b} Flag and Etiquette Committee (June 12, 2006). "Pratique". Flag Etiquette. United States Power Squadrons. http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html. Retrieved 2009-04-04.

Electromagnetic spectrum ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Gamma rays · X-rays · Ultraviolet · Visible · Infrared · Terahertz radiation · Microwave · Radio Visible (optical) Violet · Blue · Green · Yellow · Orange · Red Microwaves W band · V band · Q band · Ka band · K band · Ku band · X band · S band · C band · L band Radio EHF · SHF · UHF · VHF · HF · MF · LF · VLF · ULF · SLF · ELF Wavelength types Microwave · Shortwave · Medium wave · Longwave

Shades of yellow
Amber	Apricot	Arylide yellow	Aureolin	Beige	Blond	Buff	Chartreuse yellow	Chrome yellow	Citrine
Cream	Dark goldenrod	Ecru	Flavescent	Flax	Fulvous	Gamboge	Gold	Gold (metallic)	Goldenrod
Golden poppy	Golden yellow	Green-yellow	Hansa yellow	Icterine	Isabelline	Jonquil	Khaki	Lemon	Lemon chiffon
Lime	Maize	Mikado yellow	Mustard	Naples yellow	Navajo white	Old gold	Olive	Papaya whip	Peach-yellow
Pear	Saffron	School bus yellow	Selective yellow	Stil de grain yellow	Sunglow	Tangerine yellow	Titanium yellow	Urobilin	Vanilla
Vegas gold	Yellow
The samples shown above are only indicative.

Web colors
black	gray	silver	white	maroon	red	purple	fuchsia	green	lime	olive	yellow	navy	blue	teal	aqua

Major colors — List Major primary colors Additive colors: Blue Navy | Lime Green | Red Maroon Subtractive colors: Cyan Teal | Magenta or Fuchsia Purple | Yellow Olive Major secondary colors Orange Brown | Pink Violet Neutral color: Black | Grey or Gray Silver | White

Categories: Shades of yellow | Optical spectrum

 

 

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